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Researchers taping calls of the putty-nosed monkey in the forests ofNigeria may have come a small step closer to understanding the originsof human language.
The researchers have heardthe monkeys string two alarm calls into a combined sound with adifferent meaning, as if forming a word, Kate Arnold and KlausZuberb?hler report in the current issue of Nature.
Monkeys areknown to have specific alarm calls for different predators. Vervetmonkeys have one call for eagles, another for snakes and a third forleopards. But this seems a far cry from language because the vervets donot combine the calls into anything resembling words or sentences.
Theputty-nosed monkeys have a "pyow" call meaning there are leopards aboutand a hacklike sound to warn of the crowned eagle. The "pyow" callsattention to a leopard on the ground.
When hearing the "hack" sound, a monkey tends to freeze because movement would betray its position to an eagle.
Dr.Arnold and Dr. Zuberb?hler, zoologists at the University of St. Andrewsin Scotland, noticed that adult male monkeys in each troupe werecombining the "pyow" and "hack" calls.
Playing back a "pyow-hack" call to see how the monkeys interpreted it, the zoologists found it made the troop leave the area.
Languageis a surprising faculty because it seems to pop up almost out ofnowhere in the human lineage, instead of evolving in steady stages.
Researchersstudying monkeys and apes have learned that they possess all the basicapparatus needed to make and analyze sounds. But the nonhuman primatesdid not seem to possess either of the two combinatorial features oflanguage, those of combining discrete sounds into compound words, andof stringing words together under rules of syntax.
Dr.Zuberb?hler said that he and Dr. Arnold had not observed anythingresembling syntax, but the putty-nosed monkeys, Cercopithecusnictitans, "combined two types of utterances according to a rule andthe combination takes on a novel meaning," a procedure perhapsanalogous to forming a word from two sounds.
Marc Hauser, an expert on animal communication at Harvard,said that the observation was very interesting but that strictercriteria should be applied before assuming the combination of alarmcalls was similar to the way people combined sounds into words.
"Because there is no evidence that the calls are words or even wordlike, the connection to language is tenuous." he said.